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INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 

PHILADELPHIA. 



1876. 

SYSTEM 



OF 



CLASSIFICATION 



(Condensed Edition for General Circulation.) 



PHILADELPHIA: 



SEPTEMBER, 1874. 



KLCi \ 



CLASSIFICATION. 



T5 



Outlines op^ the System for the ExHiBrnoN of 1876. 



i> 



A 



The Act of Congress instituting the Exhibition of 1876 gives 
tne grand outlines of a classification when, in the preamble, it an- 
nounces ''An act to provide for celebrating the One Hundredth 
Anniversary of American Independence hy holding an International 
Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures, and Products of the Soil and 
Mine;" and further, by ''an Exhibition of the natural resources of 
the country and their development, and of its progress in those arts 
which benefit mankind in comparison with those of older nations; " 
and again, in Section i, "An Exhibition of American and Foreign 
Arts, Products, and Manufactures." 

The Commission is thus to provide for the exhibition of the 
products of the soil and of mines, and for all the productions of the 
arts, not only of the United States but of foreign lands. 

The progressive development of those arts is also to be shown 
comparatively. The requirements of the organic act were carefully 
considered in the formation of the system of classification which fol- 
lows. This system is based on the idea of evolution or derivation of 
manufactured products from the crude materials of the earth. It 
groups objects in the following order : 

1. The natural products of the earth useful to man, or the basis of 
manufactures. 

2. The manufactures, and results of the combinations and working 
of such products. 

3. The means and appliances by which the results have been 
attained. 

4. The resultant effects of such productive activity. 

This is a comprehensive general expression of the classification. 
The raw or unmanufactured materials are placed first, at the base or 
foundation, and then in succession, as nearly as possible in the order 
of their development, the results of the use of these materials, placing 
at the end the higher achievements of intellect and imagination. 



DEPARTMENT I. 

MATERIALS IN THEIR UNWROUGHT CONDITION— MINERAL, 
VEGETABLE, AND ANIMAL. 

GROUP lo. 

Minerals, Ores, Building Stones, Metals, and Metallurgical 

Products. 

Including miscellaneous and systematic collections of minerals; 
iron and steel, copper, tin, lead, etc., etc., viewed as materials. 

GROUP II. 
Agricultural Products used chiefly for Food. 

Grain, root crops, vegetables, fruits, and dried vegetables and fruits 
of all kinds. 

GROUP 12. 

Arboriculture and Floriculture. 
Fruit trees, ornamental trees and shrubs, flowers, ferns, &c. 

GROUP 13. 

Forest Products. 

Including logs and sections of trees, samples of wood of all kinds; 
worked timber or lumber for buildings; dyewoods, corks, lichens, 
mosses and ferns; gums, resins, &c. 

GROUP 14. 

Aromatic, Oleaginous, Saponaceous, Stimulating, and Narcotic 
Substances of Vegetable Growth, Vegetable Drugs 

AND Perfumes. 
Including tobacco, tea, coffee, spices, &c. 

GROUP 15. 

Fibrous or Hairy Substances of Vegetable or of Animal 
Origin used in the Arts. 
Including cotton, flax, hemp, jute, &c., wool, raw silk, and hair. 



GROUP i6. 

Animals, Live Stock, etc. 
Including domestic and wild animals, poultry, birds, ifisects, etc. 

GROUP 17. 

Fish and Aquatic Life, and Fish Products. 

Fish for food, fresh or preserved; oysters, shells, coral, seaweed, 
whalebone, etc. 

GROUP 18. 

Animal Products used as Food, or as the basis of Manufac- 
tures, exclusive of Aquatic Products. 
Including skins, leather, ivory, glue, feathers, butter, and fats of 
all kinds. 

GROUP 19. 

Preserved Meats, Vegetables, and Fruits. 



DEPARTMENT II. 

MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURES, THE RESULT OF EXTRAC-- 
TIVE OR COMBINING PROCESSES. 

GROUP 20. 

Extracts and Compounds of Animal or Vegetable Origin, 

USED chiefly for Food. 

Such as starch, sugar, syrups, alcohol, etc., malt liquors, bread, 
biscuit, pastes, confectionery, etc. 

GROUP 21. 

Chemicals, Pharmaceutical Preparations, and Fertilizing 

Compounds. 

Including alkalies, salts, mineral and vegetable acids, bleaching 
powders, artificial manures, etc. 

GROUP 22. 
Medicinal Compounds, Perfumery, Essences, Pomades, Cos- 
metics, Aromatic Vinegars, etc. 



5 

GROUP 23. 

Oils, Soaps, Candles, Illuminating and other Gases. 

GROUP 24. 

Paints, Pigments, Dyes, Colors, Turpentine, Oils, Varnishes, 
Printing Inks, Writing Inks, Blacking, etc. 

GROUP 25. 

Cements, Artificial Stone, Concrete, Beton. 

Lime, Hydraulic Cement, Plasters, Mastics, and specimens showing 
their strength. 

GROUP 26. 

The Ceramic Art — Terra Cotta, Bricks, Tiles, Faience, Por- 
celain, AND Majolica. 

GROUP 27. 

/ 

\ Glass and TvIanufactures of Glass. 

GROUP 28. 

Explosive and Flxminating Compounds. 

In small quantities only, and under special regulations, shown in 
the building only by empty cases and cartridges. 



DEPARTMENT III. 

TEXTILE AND FELTED FABRICS. APPAREL, COSTUMES, AND 
ORNAMENTS FOR THE PERSON. 

GROUP 30. 
Yarns and Woven Goods of Vegetable or Mineral Materials- 

GROUP 31. 

Woven and Felted Goods of Wool and Mixtures of Wool. 

GROUP 32. 

Silk and Silk Fabrics and Mixtures in which Silk is the 
Predominating Material. 



GROUP :^3. 

RiSA^DY-MADE ClOTHING, KnIT GoODS AND HOSIERY, MiLITaRY 

Clothing, Costumes and Clothing for special objects. 

GROUP 34. 

Hats, Caps, Boots and Shoes, Gloves, Mittens, etc.. Straw and 
Palm Leaf Hats, Bonnets, and Millinery. 

GROUP 33. 

Laces, Embroideries, and Trimmings for Clothing, Furniture, 

AND Carriages. 

I GROUP 36. 

Jewelry and Ornaments worn upon the Person. 

GROUP 37. 

Artificial Flowers, Coiffures, Buttons, Trimmings, Fans, 
• Umbrellas, Sun Shades, Walking Canes, Pipes and 
other objects of Dress or Adornment, 

EXCLUSIVE OF JeWELRY. 

GROUP s^. 

Fancy Leather Work; Pocket Books, Toilet Cases, Travel- 
ling Equipments, Valises and Trunks. 

GROUP 39. 

Stationery, Paper, Pasteboard, Card Board, Wall Papers, 
Building Paper, and Paper Industry Generally 



DEPARTMENT IV. 

FURNITURE AND MANUFACTURES OF GENERAL USE IN CON- 
STRUCTION AND IN DWELLINGS. 

GROUP 40. 

Furniture, Drawing Room, Parlor, and Chamber Suits, Office 

and Library Furniture, etc. 



7 
GROUP 41. 

GoT/u), Silver, and Silver Plated Ware; Urns, Samovars, 
Epergnes, and Table Furniture Generally. 

GROUP 42. 
Artistic Metal Work, Bronzes, Mantel Clocks, etc 

GROUP 43. 

Mirrors, Stained and Enameled Glass, Cornices, Picture 
Frames, and Upholstery. 

GROUP 44. 

Household Implements, Apparatus, and Articles used in 
Dwellings, not included in other Groups. 

Including sundry appliances, washing apparatus, wringers, wooden 
ware, baskets, dairy furniture and fittings, meat safes, refrigerators, 
etc., etc. 

GROUP 45- 
Manufactured Parts of Dwellings. 
Such as sash, blinds, doors, wainscoting, ceilings, mantels. 

GROUP 46. 

Apparatus and Fixtures for Heating, Lighting, Ventilating, 

AND Cooking. 

Such as furnaces, steam radiators, stoves, gas fixtures, reflectors, 
lanterns, lamps, shades; kitchen furniture. 

GROUP 47. 

Hardware used in construction, exclusive of Tools and 

Implements. 

This includes spikes, nails, screws, tacks, bolts; locks, latches, 
hinges, pulleys; plumbers' and gas-fitters' hardware ; furniture-fittings, 
ships' hardware and fittings. 



8 
DEPARTMENT V. 

1 TOOLS, IMPLEMENTS, MACHINES, AND PROCESSES. 

GROUP 50. 

Miscellaneous Hand-tools and Appliances used in Various 

Arts. Cutlery. 

GROUP 51. 

Fire Arms, Ordnance and other Instruments and Apparatus 

FOR the Destruction of Life; for Hunting, 

Trapping, Fishing. 

GROUP 52. 

Machines, Tools, and Apparatus of Agriculture, Forestry, and 

Alimentary Industry. 

GROUP 53. 

Machines, Tools, and Apparatus of Mining, Metallurgy, Chem- 
istry, AND THE Extractive Arts. 

GROUP 54. 
Machines and Tools for Working Wood, Metals, or Stone. 

GROUP 55. 

Machines and Implements of Spinning, Weaving, Felting, 

Paper-making, Sewing and Making Clothing and 

Ornamental Objects. 

GROUP 56. 

Machines and Apparatus for Type-setting, Printing, Stamping, 

Embossing, Pressing, and for Making Books and 

Paper Working. 



9 
DEPARTMENT VI. 

MOTORS AND TRANSPORTATION. 

GROUP 60. 

Motors and Apparatus for the Generation and Transmission 

OF Power. 

Steam engines, boilers, water wheels, gas engines, electro-magnetic 
engines, shafting, belting, pullies, gearing, etc. 

GROUP 61. 
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Apparatus ; Pumping, Hoisting, and 

Lifting. 

GROUP 62. 

Vehicles and Apparatus of Transportation upon Common 

Roads. 
Carriages, carts, wagons, wheel-barrows, road engines, etc. 

GROUP 6^. 
Railway Plant, Rolling Stock, and Apparatus. 

Locomotives, railway carriages, freight cars, trucks, hand cars, etc. 
Cars for horse railways, rails, switches, signals, etc. 

GROUP 64. 
Transportation upon Suspended Cables. Aerial Transporta- 
tion, Pneumatic Transportation. 

GROUP 65. 

Boats and Sailing Vessels. 

GROUP 66. 

Steamships, Steamboats, Propellors, and all Vessels Propelled 

BY Steam or other Motors. 

{See also Group 6y.^ 

GROUP 67. 
Boats or Vessels Designed for Special Purposes. 
Such as telegraph cable vessels, life boats, dredging boats, coal 
barges and steamers, water boats, for conveying railway trains, ferry 
boats, etc. ' 



lO 

DEPARTMENT VII. 

APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR THE INCREASE AND DIFFU- 
SION OF KNOWLEDGE. 

GROUP 70. 

Educational Apparatus and Methods. 

Toys, games, school furniture, fittings, and apparatus, drawing and 
writing books, and methods of instruction, etc. 

GROUP 71. 

Typographic Aids to the Preservation and Dissemination of 

Knowledge, Books, Periodicals, Newspapers. 

GROUP 72. 
Charts, Maps, and Graphic Representations. 

J GROUP 73. 

Telegraphic Instruments and Methods. 

GROUP 74. 

Instruments of Precision, and Apparatus of Physical Re- 
search, Experiment, and Illustration. 

GROUP 75. 
Meteorological Instruments and Apparatus. 

GROUP 76. 

Mechanical Calculation; Indicating and Registering Appa- 
ratus, other than Meteorological. 

GROUP 77. 

Weights, Weighing AND Metrological Apparatus; Measures 

AND Coins. 

GROUP 78. 

Chronometric Apparatus — Time Keepers of all kinds; 

'Watches, Clocks, etc. 

GROUP 79. 
Musical Instruments and Acoustic Apparatus. 



II 
DEPARTMENT VIII. 

ENGINEERING, PUBLIC WORKS, ARCHITECTURE, ETC. 

GROUP 80. 

Agricultural Engineering. 

Examples of farm arrangement, management, etc. Systems of 
planting, harvesting, etc. Maps, models, etc. 

GROUP 81. 

Mining Engineering. 

Examples of mine construction and working; including hoisting, 
ventilation, and transporting. Models and maps. 

GROUP 82. 

Civil Engineering. 

Examples of construction of bridges and other public works ; illus- 
trated by models, drawings, and plans. 

GROUP 8s- 

Dynamic and Industrial Engineering. 

The construction and working of machines; examples of planning 
and the construction of manufacturing and metallurgical establish- 
ments. 

GROUP 84. 

Railway Engineering. 

Location of railways, and the construction and management of 
railways. 

GROUP 85. 

Military Engineering. 
1 

GROUP 86. 
Naval Engineering. 



12 

DEPARTMENT IX. 

PLASTIC AND GRAPHIC ARTS. 

GROUP 90. 
Sculpture. 

GROUP 91. 
Painting. 

GROUP 92. 

Line-Drawing and Engraving. 

GROUP 93. 
Chromo-Lithography and Lithography. 

GROUP 94. 
Photography. 

GROUP 95. 
Industrial Designs. 

GROUP 96. 
Mosaic and Inlaid Work. 

GROUP 97. 
Architectural Designs and Models. 

GROUP 98. 

Decoration and Furnishing of Interiors of Dwellings and 

OF Public Buildings. 

This Group is designed to include special exhibitions of harmo- 
nious combinations of objects for interior decoration, included under 
various Groups and Classes. 

GROUP 99. 

Landscape Gardening. 

This Group is designed to include examples of artistic laying out 
and planting of grounds, ]3arks, and gardens. 



13 
DEPARTMENT X. 

OBJECTS ILLUSTRATING EFFORTS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF 
THE PHYSICAL, INTELLECTUAL, AND MORAL CONDITION 

OF MAN. 

j GROUP loo. 

V 

Physical Development and Condition. ' 

This Group is designed to include exhibitions of the nursery and 
its accessories in combination ) of gymnasiums and manly sports ; 
alimentation ; dwellings combining conditions-essential to health and 
comfort; hotels, public houses, i)ublic baths, lavatories, etc. 

GROUP loi. 
Medicine and Sanitary. 

GROUP I02. 

Benevolence. 

The displays in this Group will consist of such objects as illustrate 
the working and results of benevolent institutions. Models, plans, 
and graphic presentations of statistics would be appropriate and the 
institutions themselves may be visited. 

GROUP 103. 
Government and Law. 
Models, drawings, statistics, graphic representations, etc. 

GROUP 104. 

Religious Organizations and Systems. 

This Group is intended to include such objects and statistics as 
illustrate the origin, nature, growth, and extent of various religious 
systems and sects, and of missionary effort, Sunday schools, etc. 

GROUP 105. 

Educational. 

Illustration of the various systems and accessories of education 
from the infant school to the university. Including special schools 
of science and art, libraries, etc. 



14 

GROUP io6. 

Institutions, Societies, and Organizations having for their 
Object the Promotion of Science. 

Illustrations of the rise, progress, and results of the various organ- 
izations for the promotion of science. Models, drawings, descrip- 
tions, and statistics. 

GROUP 107. 

Co-operative Associations. 

To illustrate the practical working and results of industrial Grga,n- 
izations, working men's unions, etc., of secret societies, and of co- 
operative effort generally 

GROUP 108. 

<» 

Music and the Drama 

V 

GROUP 109. 

Exhibitions of Works of Art and Industry. 

To illustrate the organization, working, and results of great exhi- 
bitions; their influence upon industry, art, science, and civilization 
generally. 



^5 

THE DIVISIONS AND THE NOTATION. 

It will be seen from the foregoing that there are ten principal 
divisions called Departments, and that each Department may be 
divided into ten Groups, and these Groups when desired are divided 
into ten Classes. The notation is as follows, the number of the 
group or class indicating its place in the system. 



Depaktments. 




Grovps. 


Classes. 


I. 


lO 


— 19 


100 


199 


II. 


20 


29 


200 


299 


III. 


30 


39 


300 


399 


IV. 


40 


19 


400 


— 499 


V. 


50 


59 


500 


599 


VI. 


60 


- 69 


600 


— 699 


VII. 


70 


79 


700 


799 


VIII. 


80 


- 89 


800 


- 899 


IX. 


90 


— 99 


900 


— 999 


X. 


100 


— 109 


1000 


1099 



THE ARRANGEMENT. 

It was resolved at the outset, that the arrangement of objects 
should be both geographical and systematic, combining the two ele- 
ments of arrangement by countries and arrangement by the nature 
of the objects, thus securing the great advantage of having the 
productions of each country kept together and at the same time 
placed according to their nature, similar products or manufactures 
being continuously grouped in parallel zones crossing the space 
assigned to each country. 

The arrangement or placing of the objects will conform gener- 
ally as closely as practicable to the sequence of the classification. 
The closer the approximation to it the better. There may be excep- 
tions without destroying the symmetry and system. The spaces may 
be assigned to groups rather than to classes. The detail of the ar- 
rangement need not be carried so far as the classes, unless it is con- 
venient and expedient to do so. Entire groups may be excepted from 
the sequence in the building in consequence of the peculiar nature 
of the objects or some conditions imposed by the building or site. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



l6 



029 985 442 5 

The idea requires adherence to a parallel arrangemeiu ui m^ 

departments from I to X, and of the groups within the departments, 
all the objects being placed in zones, side by side, so that continuous 
areas, of greater or less width, crossing these zones, may be assigned 
to each country, thus keeping the exhibits from each country together, 
while at the same time they are arranged according to the n9.ture of 
the objects. 

THE HISTORICAL SECTION. 

Special provision is made for the illustration of the progress 
made in the industry, art, and civilization of the century by the as- 
signment of a separate space to be known as the Historical Section 
crossing all of the Departments, for the reception and proper display 
of relics, and any objects illustrating the progress of industry and 
the arts, especially such objects as pertain to the early history of the 
United States in colonial or revolutionary times. The furniture and 
costumes in use at the beginning of the century would form a very 
interesting addition to the appropriate group, as would also the tools, 
arms, machines, and vehicles of that period in other groups. 



COMMITTEE ON CLASSIFICATION. 



William P. Blake, 

Samuel Hays, - 
Jonathan W. Albertson, 
John A. Martin, 
John H. Rodney, 
Edward D. Holton, 
Edward Penington, - 



Connecticut. 

Chairman. 
Missouri. 
North Carolina. 
Kansas. 
Delaware. 
Wisconsin. 
Louisiana. 



A. T. GOSHORN, Director-G enteral. 
J. L. CAMPBELL, Secretary. 



f's- 



mi* 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS « 

I 



029 985 442 5 



Hollinger Corp. 
pH8.5 



